Both structure and driving force of innovation chain in petrochemical industry were discussed using two theories of industrial chain and innovation chain in an effort to better cultivate the petrochemical innovation chain and enhance the industrial competitiveness. Results show that (i) being the whole process of the petrochemical innovation chain, the petrochemical industrial innovation chain itself is not only the integration of petrochemical industrial chain and innovation chain, but the chain with multiple subjects and chains. And its formation focuses on the generation of "cooperative surplus" of each subject in the innovation chain; (ii) cultivating and improving the petrochemical innovation chain is fundamental to enhance innovation capability and realize innovation-driven development; (iii) the government should make effort to forge favorable surroundings, build a reasonable system of economic distribution, and give correct guidance to support the formation of industrial innovation chain; (iv) it is urgent to actively set up scientific and technological intermediaries of the petrochemical industry, reduce cooperation cost, and promote this innovation chain; and (v) it is necessary to give full play to big business in cooperative innovation, draw up the supervisory system, intensify the protection of intellectual property rights, and provide legal guarantee for the chain cooperation. In conclusion, these result provide theoretical support and decision-making reference for innovation-driven development, transformation and upgrading in China's petrochemical industry and other industries.

Taking the natural-gas market in Sichuan-Chongqing region which is undertaken by A company as an example, we discussed the interest demand from different stakeholders in this marketing, including local government, gas companies, competitors, customers and financial setup in order to gain new advantages in market competition, and pointed out the necessity of innovating the stakeholder-based theory on marketing strategy. Results show that (i) involving the tripartite game of gas suppliers, government and customers, an analytical framework is established, and the marketing strategy is proposed for each stakeholder; (ii) it is necessary for this company to establish new marketing theories and strategies based on stakeholders whose difference is taken into consideration; and (iii) from A company's marketing practice during 2015 to 2023, it is suggested to apply the optimized stakeholder-based theory to gas marketing. In conclusion, not only the proposed gas marketing mode based on the stakeholder theory but the targeted marketing strategy for different stakeholders may meet requirements of market-oriented reforms. As a result, A company has won competitive advantages in the natural-gas marketing under the new situation, so as to achieve a win-win effect of multiple parties including gas suppliers, government and customers.

The PI AF quadratic configuration has been adopted to Luojiazhai gasfield to advance the digital transformation. After in-deep study on field production demand and this PI AF tool, we have independently established numerous management models based on real-time and historical data, and constructed a scenario application platform stemmed from business requirements so as to realize the tracking and analyzing production data and process events, and increase the efficiency of production management. Results show that (i) with asset management as the core, the data twin model has been built for this field through the PI AF quadratic configuration to achieve the reuse of data asset; (ii) through the independent integration, calculation and analysis of multi-source data asset, a digital factory covering production, gathering, transportation, and purification devices and equipment is formed, the digital management of production monitoring, early warning and abnormal event disposal is realized in the office network, and the production efficiency and decision-making ability are enhanced; and (iii) for production data, the application of low-cost cross network to scheme preparation and organizational implementation is achieved from production network to office network, and the path to the digital transformation is explored. In conclusion, the low-cost method of independently developing quadratic configuration which has been applied to Luojiazhai gasfield lays better data foundation to promote its digital transformation under the "oil company" mode and brings about the leap from "data" to "intelligence".

Single-well economy was evaluated proactively to highlight the investment concept of optimal benefits and improve the scientific investment decision. And taken the cash flow as the calculation basis, the internal rate of return (IRR) as the core index, and the benchmark yield as the judgment criteria, an optimal association of IRR, single-well proration with investment was put forward for carbonate gas reservoirs with sulfur in Sichuan Basin. In addition, an economic model conditioned by sulfur content was built for gas wells with moderate, and high to extra-high sulfur. Results show that (i) for some reservoirs with moderate and high sulfur, the single-well investment limit ranges from 108.40 million yuan to 407 million yuan at the single-well proration of (8-30)×10⁴ m³/d and the benchmark yield of 8%; (ii) for the extra-sulfur reservoirs, the investment limit ranges from 276 million yuan to 828.2 million yuan at the proration of (20-60)×10⁴ m³/d and the same benchmark yield; and (iii) there is a risk that both single well and the scheme may not gain profits when the estimated single-well investment exceeds the investment limit. In conclusion, built for such moderate, and high to extra-high sulfur gas wells, the economic model can be used to set the investment goal of drilling and completion during the deployment well location, geological and engineering design, and project implementation of single well in carbonate gas reservoirs. Additionally, a warning system can be established for dynamic well management, and the subsequent investment-constrained measures can be made to predict drilling and completion investment targets in the decision-making and implementation stages, which offers guidance for optimizing technical and economic indexes and advancing reservoir's economic development.

The state has been strengthening the "baton" role of performance evaluation in guiding central enterprises to hoist their capability in value creation. How to make flexible and good use of this evaluation to leverage more value output is essential to deepen the reform and development in petroleum enterprises. Thus, three evaluation aspects were discussed, including index system, both mode and tool selection, and result application. Results show that (i) guiding index policies on the enterprise head, such as "two-profit and three-rate" to "two-profit and four-rate" and then to "one-profit and five-rate", these enterprises establish multiple index systems emphasizing some core indexes of benefit, operation and control based on production practice; (ii) the performance evaluation mode is developing toward differentiation, target and precision, and the evaluation tool tends to diversification; and (iii) the evaluation results are mainly applied to salary distribution, and more attention is paid to their application to performance execution, guidance, monitoring and warning, and feedback.

All-round evaluation of exploration success may provide technological support for persistent triumph in petroleum companies. The success should be in-depth evaluated from critical aspects but optimal countermeasures taken to achieve the goal of boosting quality and performance. Therefore, taken the exploration in both conventional and tight gas in one basin of west China as an example, essential controls on this exploration success were discussed, and the index scheme, containing five first-class indexes and 10-plus second-class ones, was established. Moreover, the technique for order preference by similarity to ideal solution (TOPSIS) was integrated with another rank-sum ratio (RSR) to form one approach to estimate the composite index. And the comprehensive system was created to evaluate this success. On top of that, it was applied to some evaluation in terms of certain times as well as various exploration domains and trap types. Results show (i) better fruitfulness acquired since the Twelfth Five-Year Plan; (ii) the best in the Sinian to the Lower Paleozoic exploration among the key domains, and poor in the Lower Permian Qixia to Maokou formations, the Lower Triassic Jialingjiang Formation to the Middle Triassic Leikoupo Formation, and the Carboniferous; and (iii) the best exploration in compound-trap gas reservoirs, followed by lithological trap, and the worst in structural trap. In conclusion, reliability analysis reveals these results are basically identical with exploration practice. With objective and reasonable assessment, the system offers reference for both exploration supervision and decision-making analysis.

It's increasingly difficult for conventional natural gas to scale up both reserves and production with the advancement of exploration and development in natural gas. Natural-gas exploration and development is gradually shifting from conventional to unconventional domains. However, there exists significant difference in technical and economic traits between them. Thus, the comparative analysis was conducted for China's conventional and unconventional gas based on their genesis and geological features, exploration risks and costs, and development technologies. Results show that (i) unconventional gas in our country has more complicating genesis and geological features. It's essential to figure out its geologic conditions and evolution laws through benchmarking methodology so as to reduce exploration uncertainties; (ii) for unconventional gas, the exploration and development risks are generally higher, which should be turned from "passive meeting with" to "active foresight" by means of some studies on its identification, evaluation, and management to get clear pictures; (iii) unconventional gas spends higher development costs than conventional gas on the whole. Thereupon, some measures for cost reduction should be made, such as joint exploration and production between these two domains, enlarging technological R & D to raise development efficiency, optimizing operation steps to cut down invalid costs, strengthening safety risk control to diminish accident incidence, and pushing on cost's target management; and (iv) technologies used in both conventional and unconventional gas have their own style. Technical progress can be facilitate by setting up special fund for innovative research, building up knowledge-sharing platforms for unconventional gas, and collaboratively promoting theoretical research and practical application.

In order to improve the complexity of hydraulic fractures and the post-frac productivity in shale reservoirs of Longmaxi Formation, Weirong gas field, southern Sichuan Basin, the complexity in the previous 15 horizontal wells was evaluated quantitatively and fracturing controls on G function were discussed to make measures against this complexity improvement. Furthermore, parameters in the following fracturing and a temporary plugging process were determined. Results show that (i) the induced fractures in this field are mostly type II complex ones. The fluctuation coefficient of G function is in strongly positive correlation with absolute open flow (AOF). The higher the proportion and complexity of complex fractures, the better the post-frac effect; (ii) enlarging fracturing scale and displacement and performing temporary plugging are conducive to the complexity improvement; (iii) the reasonable fracturing-fluid and sanding intensity is 28 m³/m and 2.4-2.6 m³/m, respectively, and the construction displacement shall be increased to over 16 m3/min; (iv) the plugging should be carried out dominantly at the fracture opening and secondarily in the fractures; and (v) the elemental fracturing process formed has been applied to 18 horizontal wells, whose stimulation effect is remarkable with a great increase in the complexity and the AOF increased by over 20%. In conclusion, G function is better applicable to evaluating the fracture complexity and optimizing technological parameters, and can be used for references on similar gas fields.

Green supply chain has been showing the value in recent years. Taking the construction of the world-class material supply chain management system as a strategic goal, petroleum enterprises are accelerating two sorts of transformation, from procurement management to chain management and from minimum procurement costs to minimum total costs in all life cycle. So, some problems on the quality management of material procurement in the supply chain were discussed after studying the chain management in order to explore measures of procurement quality beneficial for the chain construction, to promote the cooperation, sharing, all-win and mutual benefits among the enterprises in the supply chain. Then, suggestions and measures were put forward for cost reduction and benefit increase to further realize high-quality development. Results show (i) to optimize the organization structure, and advance the value evaluation of quality management posts; (ii) to define the quality work interface, and sort out the management process; (iii) to attach importance to the training of quality control personnel; (iv) to establish the quality improvement mechanisms for supplier, and (v) to continuously consummate the quality management system of material supply.

Recent demands on the innovative growth are made for audit industry when the Communist Party of China gives impetus to a self-revolution. How to bring forth novel ideas in audit ways or means and to deliver better audit services in the whole production and operation process are the burning issues for petroleum enterprises in this day and age. Therefore, a "two-stage" audit model and relative safeguards have been built and proposed for the enterprises. Results show that (i) on the basis of exclusive features of two stages, including data analysis stage and on-site verification stage in audit projects, and relied on technological and organizational reforms, this model carries on cross activity, bi-directional feedback, and following-up tracing and closed loop via adopting the required resources and plausible approaches; (ii) four safeguards proposed in this model are to set up the organizational framework, the pre-audit working standards, the requirements on rectified and improved problems, and the digital command center; and (iii) five major achievements are made after its application to an enterprise, such as full-coverage focus, standardization guarantee, efficient convoy, quality and performance promotion, and scientific and technological drive. In conclusion, with superior quality and efficiency in audit services, the "two-stage" model is contribute to the modernization of governance system and ability in these petroleum enterprises.

Drainage gas recovery, as an elemental process to improve both production and stability of tight gas in horizontal wells, is extensively used in various tight gas blocks. Thus, taking both technology and economy into consideration, an optimal and comprehensive approach was adopted for drainage gas recovery in order to improve development efficiency and economic benefits in tight gas resources. Four processes of drainage gas recovery (optimized string, foam, air lift and plunger) were verified and discussed in term of their applicability. In addition, a synthetic evaluation model was constructed by means of fuzzy mathematics theory and analytical hierarchy process. Results show that (i) it is feasible to take process flexibility, ground flow complexity, management difficulty and maintenance-free period as management indexes; (ii) the evaluation method should ponder on technical and economic factors fully; (iii) for Wubaoqian X1 well as a classic tight gas well confronted with difficulty in the production with liquid, the economic benefits are individually analyzed for the four processes. As a result, the integrated available value of both economic benefits and management is 0.92 through foam drainage gas recovery which is available for X 1 well. In conclusion, all results are is greatly significant for improving the development efficiency and benefits in tight gas resources, and provide powerful support for the development management of such fields.

Under the dual background of epidemic impact and booming digital economy, it is necessary to forward an application of digital twin technology to petroleum industry in order to ensure a sustainable quality development. To deeply pursue how oil and gas industry gives an active play to digital twin technology, makes oil and gas operation and service enterprises benefit from this technology as well as achieves cost reduction and efficiency enlargement and quality development by means of in-depth integration of digital twin technology with business, some typical scenarios on its application were studied, and potential risks existed in its popularization were found out by analyzing technological connotation and major characteristics. In addition, suggestions and challenges were made and put forward. Results show that (1) digital twin technology boasts a better application prospect in the dynamic asset monitoring and risk assessment, planning time reduction, collaborative knowledge sharing and virtual learning and training of petroleum industry; (2) based on this technology, to built virtual control room or laboratory can enhance collaborative operation, synchronize expert wisdom and make use of data element more effectively while avoiding field risks but improving decision-making skills and efficiency; and (3) the challenges on the application of digital twin technology to oil and gas industry are mostly embodied in terms of data standardization, information sharing, cost & benefit and network security. On top of that, both accuracy and effectiveness of the model are still to be strengthened.

To meet the requirements of innovation-driven and personnel strategies in the new era for training leading talents of technological innovation, PetroChina Southwest Oil & Gasfield Company was taken as an example to analyze some problems in the training. Moreover, corresponding suggestions were made. Results show that (1) the leading talents of technological innovation in natural gas industry mostly focus on scientific and technological development needs in the industrial chain, e.g. production, transportation, storage and sales. With great power in originality, they can conduct innovation independently across their team, such as scientific and technological research as well as technical upgrading from aspects of technology, management and skill; (2) the major problems include lack of strategic planning and "enormous but not perfect" talent team, low per capital R&D investment, insufficient personnel training, deficient performance evaluation, and inadequately effective incentive of innovation talents; (3) to reinforce the leading talent training under the new pattern in the new stage, it is necessary to start with the following four sides: strengthen the top-level design and establish the training target system, adhere to the problem oriented and improve the training assurance system, optimize the evaluation method and construct the value contribution assessment and incentive system, and make the overall planning and prepare the action plan for the talent training. The results provide a reference for the leading talent training and the construction of innovative talent team, as well as an intellectual support for promoting the strategy of strengthening enterprise by talents and improving originality in natural gas industry.

For an oil and gas enterprise as typical resource-intensive one, its relationship with resource region is quite important. Thus, a harmonious development between the both is also of great significance for this enterprise to realize reserve and production increase and quality growth. In order to strengthen this harmonious development, many new methods, forms, and means about cultural integration between oil and gas enterprise and resource region were explored by taking this integration as a breakthrough. In addition, a development model of cultural integration between the both and some related safeguard measures were put forward by means of mutual cultural response, interpenetration and combination, and rebuilding and reshaping. Results show that (1) the cultural integration is a complex system, whose the development model shall be established by selecting the development elements of both enterprise and resource region and analyzing their integration, and it can be realized by creating several demonstration projects on cultural integration; (2) the project creation shall be strengthened and promoted from some integration of new media, visual landscape recognition, culture and creative product, and green development project; and (3) for the cultural integration between enterprise and resource region, it is necessary to make convenient measures to provide guarantee, such as establishing the leading group, expanding the integration carrier and service platform, building the cooperative production-learning-research mechanism, and strengthening the integration input system and performance evaluation. In conclusion, establishing the development model of cultural integration between the both from systematic view and promoting the creation of demonstration projects can provide cultural power for making full use of the cultural advantages of both sides, constructing the ecosystem of integration development, and achieving the quality and win-win development.

Promoting the modernization of both governance system and governance capacity in state-owned enterprises is very important for their deep reform. Since China put forward "promoting the modernization of national governance system and capacity", the state-owned oil and gas enterprises have made fruitful research and practice achievements in the construction and improvement of modern governance system and the development of matching governance capacity. In order to ensure these enterprises in a high-quality and sustainable development, more useful experiences that large international oil and gas companies and domestic typical state-owned enterprises had obtained in practical governance were summed up after reviewing relevant governance theories. In addition, five suggestions were made for these state-owned oil and gas enterprises to promote this modernization, including (1) to speed up the deep integration of the Party building and production & operation, (2) to identify the key and pay attention to establishing the corporate governance system and evaluating the governance capacity, (3) to adapt to enterprise conditions and to serve the realization of enterprises' strategic goals, (4) to fully authorize to strengthen the structure and mechanism construction of governance system, and (5) to implement the grasp to assist the improvement of enterprises' governance system and capacity.

Global oil and gas companies have already reached consensus on the low-cost and high-quality development. To adhere to the goal of clean and low-carbon development was proposed in the 2020 Guidance on Energy Work by the National Energy Administration. Oil and gas industry also faces dual challenges of low oil price and cleaning & decarbonization. Thus, it is more and more necessary to take advantage of technology and management innovation to deal with increasingly complex situation. In order to make full use of laboratory research results, enhance an ability of technology innovation, strengthen basic research, and strive to make significant original breakthrough, PetroChina Southwest Oil & Gasfield Company was taken as an example to analyze the important role of laboratory in the company development process after reviewing its development history. In addition, relevant innovation and suggestions were put forward. As the main body of technology innovation in the oil and gas companies, the laboratory shall actively search for breakthrough points. Results show that the company shall enlarge the investment in laboratory construction and operation, face up to the objective problems restricting laboratory development, define the main identity of laboratory in exploring unknown domains, insist on realizing the science and technology innovation depending on laboratory research, carry out continuous research from some aspects of energy science and technology innovation as well as production decarbonization, pioneer in the key development period of world energy, and transform from putting the resource first to the technology first and from high-carbon fossil to low-carbon or even no-carbon energy.

In order to ensure the security of China's energy resources, strengthen the development of low-carbon energy, and boost the realization of "dual carbon" goal, one tentative idea to construct an international natural-gas industrial park of "The Belt and Road" in Chengdu was proposed against the backgrounds of green-energy transformation, structural reform on energy supply side, and building "gas Daqing" by PetroChina Southwest Oil & Gasfield Company. Results show that (1) not only abundant oil and gas resources in the countries along "The Belt and Road" but also better natural-gas industrial foundation and stronger scientific research ability in Sichuan are conducive to constructing this industrial park; (2) the theoretical value of its construction is to innovate and expand the current theory of international industrial parks, and its practical value is to promote the sustainable natural-gas industrial development along "The Belt and Road"; (3) with multi-functional positioning of platform, integration, driving, and radiation, this park shall fully represents the natures of high standard, green and low-carbon, openness and inclusiveness, modernization, sharing, win-win, and symbiosis; and (4) the park will take the government as the platform, green as the priority, and enterprise as the leadership. In addition, it will support the interaction and joint mechanism of multiple main bodies of industrial chain cooperation, financial support, and global opening, and realize the comprehensive organic cooperation of both natural gas and other renewable energies. In conclusion, its construction is of great significance, necessary, and feasible, and shall be implemented as soon as possible.

In China, there are abundant shale gas resources and now it has stepped into the stage of industrial development. However, the geological and engineering conditions of shale gas in China are obviously different from those in the North America, and the large-scale shale gas development in China faces the bottleneck restriction of economic benefit, so economic evaluation plays an important role. In view that shale gas development takes platform as the unit, this paper takes shale gas well as the research object of economic benefit evaluation to establish the economic benefit evaluation charts of shale gas well from the perspective of combined technology and economics and apply them to the actual shale gas development in the southern Sichuan Basin. Firstly, based on the tested production rate, gas wells are classified by means of the probability and statistics analysis method, and the relationship between tested production rate and single-well estimated ultimate reserve is built. Then, according to the cash flow method, the internal rate of return (IRR) is selected as the main evaluation indicator to establish the economic evaluation system of shale gas well. Afterwards, the economic evaluation parameters are determined according to current technological and economic policies, and the main control factors influencing economic benefit are figured out by means of sensitivity analysis. Finally, the economic benefit evaluation charts of shale gas well under the effect of main control factors are prepared. The sensitivity analysis shows that the factors influencing the economic benefits of shale gas wells in the southern Sichuan Basin are ranked as shale gas price, single-well production rate, single-well investment and operation cost from strong to weak. On the basis of sensitivity analysis, the economic benefit evaluation charts of shale gas price-IRR, tested production rate-IRR and single-well investment-IRR for shale gas wells in the southern Sichuan Basin are established. The establishment of the economic benefit evaluation charts of shale gas well enriches the method and content of economic evaluation of shale gas development and makes the rapid analysis of single-well financial feasibility and economic rationality possible.

Tight gas exploration and development market entities, as a systematic project, involve investors, partners, local governments, and management. A series of researches have been carried out to promote the rapid production increase, actively explore the project group management model of tight gas exploration and development under the system of oil company, innovate the project management mechanism, and effectively solve the bottleneck problems in the project management to further accelerate the increase of reserves and production. Results show that (1) according to the working principles of "collaborative innovation, standard procedure, safety and quality, risk sharing, co-management and sharing, and rapid development", the project group management model of tight gas production increase under the system of oil company should be explored from some aspects, such as to continuously optimize the project group, to allocate the project's elemental resources in the new mode of oil battle, and to pilot the full project management mechanism of exploration and development; (2) structurally, this management model is subdivided into five systems of strategy planning, organization management, business operation, decision-making support, and performance management; (3) for this model, the construction strategy contains four levels, to continuously change the concept of project management and pilot the management of absolute project system, to enhance the collaborative innovation of technology and management and improve the project management efficiency, to strengthen the whole life-cycle project evaluation and ensure project incentive and constraint, and to continuously construct the information management platform and improve the project management efficiency.