It's essential for state-owned enterprises to highlight the collaborative and mutual enhancement of hard and soft power in 2025 when is the last year of the 14th Five-Year Plan so as to scale up their ability to concentrate or expand core functions, improve core competitiveness, and promote high-quality development. Petroleum companies which are an integral part to these enterprises are badly in need of constructing a quantified index system for evaluating the development ability related to each link of industrial chain. Thus, the evaluation system has been constructed through some theoretical analysis on the companies' development ability according to three principles of system science, business dominant, and continuous improvement. Results show that (i) petroleum companies are classified into four major business segments in accordance with their business natures and functional positioning, and a general evaluation index system framework is also established for each segment; (ii) 26 indexes, 20 indexes, 20 indexes and 23 indexes individually from production, market competition, security and scientific research segments are selected to constitute an all-round index system in accordance with the major in general indexes with the minor in individual ones; and (iii) both definition and calculating instruction are ascertained for the main indexes. In conclusion, this quantified evaluation system which is related to each link of industrial chain can fully judge petroleum companies, objectively estimate their value dedication, identify operation and management problems, and promote the transformation towards refined and lean supervision.

Helium has been widely used in numerous fields such as commerce, industry, healthcare, national defense, and scientific research. However, it is in short supply in China and its external dependence rate attains as high as 90%. Most of helium is primarily imported from the USA, Qatar and Australia, leading to severe resource safety. Thus, taken the USA which is the world's largest helium producer, consumer and exporter as an objective to analyze the development history of its helium industry, the government's policies on helium and natural gas, and the helium resource exploration through reviewing lots of domestic and foreign literature. Results show that (i) the American helium industry has a long development history, and the policies related to helium gas have a profound impact on both industrial development and exploration progress. And American experience may provide reference for other countries; and (ii) helium is becoming one of the main exploration targets in the USA in spite of a by-product of conventional gas in its initial exploration. In conclusion, China should make rules to ascertain helium's strategic role and strengthen its industrial governance, to strategize helium reserves and build the reserves to balance supply and demand, to find out helium accumulation laws and explore additional exploration targets in different geological setting, to strengthen international cooperation with a greater range of countries rich in helium resources, especially those along the "the Belt and Road", and to carry out cooperation projects to solve the problem of helium resource supply and improve helium security insurance.

Compared with last year, ever-growing drilling and testing waste has been created on drilling platforms as the production increase of tight gas is expedited in Tianfu gasfield, which puts forward higher requirements for these platforms in clean production management. Thus, the "1+N" management mode was proposed from three dimensions (personnel quality, professional skill and resource integration), which is conducive to accuracy enhancement in this clean management. Results show that (i) the implementation of the "1+N" supervision under the cooperation of multiple units such as QHSE supervision stations and contractors, with QHSE and well engineering management sectors as the center, can ensure the entire chain of clean production in safe and controllable management; (ii) the "1+N" application achieves the reduction of waste at the source, recycling in the process and harmless treatment at the end, and sets up a "three-waste" treatment system for the clean production; and (iii) the "1+N" process management mode, like optimizing transportation requests, establishing a terminal manufacturer database, and performing supervision in "two stations and one terminal", can achieve the high-quality and high-efficiency management in entire chains of clean production for tight gas.

As data resources transform towards data assets, encouraging the data in fusion application, open sharing and circulation transaction has become an important way for natural-gas enterprises to enhance their competitiveness. Thus, a management system of data assets was constructed for such enterprises in line with present situation and system theory in gas industry so as to accelerate the pace of digital transformation. Additionally, its construction direction was discussed in terms of urgency, framework design, module construction and safeguard measures. Results show that (1) this system is notable for intensifying national energy governance, driving innovations on business modes, and enhancing enterprise competitiveness; (ii) highlighting the integrity, dynamicity, and universal connectivity, its construction needs the basic framework from five elements such as goal, structure, system, mechanism and platform; (iii) this system consists of five submodules, such as strategic goal management, organization, operational function, and management platform and system; (iv) to construct the management system should continuously perfect long-term mechanisms, foster management talents and build up platforms on data assets as possible.

In order to cope with the market-oriented reforms of power trading and the development of both green power and certificate trading, market trading strategies have been made for gas production enterprises in Sichuan-Chongqing area, which may provide reference for these enterprises to scientifically formulate trading schemes. For the production enterprises, their power load characteristics were analyzed, markets and policies were discussed, and different trading modes controls on electricity-spending costs were pointed out and a suitable trading strategy was proposed. Results show that (i) the time-sharing price has a great influence on electricity-spending costs. For discontinuous operations, special peak shifting and valley filling schemes are used to optimize power utilization; (ii) the market-oriented trading in Sichuan province can effectively reduce the power rate of end users. While in Chongqing city dominated by thermal power, there is no price difference between State Grid's agency and market trading, and its market-oriented trading cannot cut down electric charge; and (iii) these enterprises need to choose sales companies after fully thinking over progress guarantee, deviation assessment and cost control in the market-oriented trading, which can help improve bargaining power and reduce operating costs. It is concluded that, to better set up cost center and to adjust the power utilization performance evaluation to that of virtual cost center can improve this performance. Moreover, to actively establish an evaluation system for green power trading participated by the enterprises and to plan the purchase quantity and channels of green power at various market stages can help the enterprises achieve clean power.

Energy development and production are considered as a technological and capital-intensive field. The cross overlap of mining rights, information asymmetry, and inconsistency among resource owners as well as production and exploitation parties may lead to multi-side competition and gaining in this development and production due to the maximization of unilateral interests. Along with some transformation in global energy industry, the co-construction and sharing mode has turned into an effective way which may promote enterprises in sustainable development. So, some experiences from regional companies in both PetroChina and Sinopec, local governments and related enterprises were discussed. Moreover, achievements of co-construction and sharing were revealed in terms of enhancing energy efficiency, optimizing resource allocation and promoting economic development. Results show that: (i) establishing sound and efficient communication and coordination mechanisms is of utmost importance in achieving mutual benefits for all stakeholders; (ii) strengthening joint investment and cooperation between local governments and resource development enterprises is also the key for interest attainment between local governments and enterprises; (iii) ascending policy support is the fundamental guarantee for oil and gas development; and (iv) technological and institutional innovations are the dual forces to drive the high-quality development of oil and gas resource exploitation. It is concluded that the co-construction and sharing mode may boost cooperation among energy enterprises, improve resource utilization, spread risks, and create mutual benefits. And it has proven to be a major trend in energy industry. The co-construction and sharing enhance competitiveness among participating enterprises, contribute to national energy security and sustainable development, and provide valuable reference and inspirations for other regions and enterprises.

At present, oil and gas exploration and development are confronted with increasingly fierce market competition, and oil companies are actively in reforms and innovations on system and mechanisms. It is urgent to intensity management innovations on purchasing construction projects in order to improve the quality and efficiency, and impel the digital transformation in purchasing business. So, taken efficiency and risks in this purchasing into account, innovative routes were proposed for tight gas exploration and development construction projects in Sichuan Basin through SWOT model and some advanced experiences. Results show that (i) there are two innovative ideas for purchasing management. The first, with problem-oriented and considerations on both symptoms and root causes, we should establish an integrated project management mode, reinforce project management of Party A, and continuously improve the business support and supervision collaborative management. The second, we should actively advance the fusion and development of new digital technologies and bidding, predict purchasing price trend, strengthen contractor and contract management, and control risks; (ii) there are four innovative strategies, such as to make countermeasure against ricks and control mechanisms to boost the achievement of the goal of governing enterprises in accordance with laws, to improve the digitalization of purchasing business in high-quality development, to invite bids in the multi-bid section form and the centralized and intensive form to ensure compliance and efficiency, and to improve the contractor management to further raise service quality; and (iii) after these management innovations, better effect has been achieved for tight gas development projects.

Even with clean and low carbon, natural gas has its own technological and economic advantages in flexible peak shaving and high multipurpose utilization. It not only serves as beneficial complementation to new energy, but is an important impetus for the growth of clean energy in Sichuan-Chongqing area. In line with the macro strategy of the Chengdu-Chongqing dual-city economic circle, dependent on the constructing a natural-gas base with production capacity above 100 billion cubic meters in this area, to build Sunning city as the imaging of "Oriental Gas Capital" has been proposed in order to take advantage of abundant gas resources and to advance both energy transformation and green development. So, this building was analyzed using the multi-scale method from aspects of necessity and feasibility. Moreover, the collected literature concerned natural-gas exploration, storage and transportation, utilization and development planning. On top of that, growth paths of gas industry in Suining city were ascertained by lots of investigation from relevant enterprises and colleges. Results show that (i) the economic-circle construction, the carbon-peaking and carbon-neutrality goals and the development of information technology all provide opportunities for building up the "Oriental Gas Capital"; (ii) Suining city has numerous strengths in policy, location, resource and market; and (iii) through "natural gas +", this city may promote the layout and construction of the Suining-Tongnan Natural-Gas Comprehensive Utilization Industrial Park, and strengthen scientific and technological innovations to work towards the imaging of "Oriental Gas Capital".

For oil and gas development projects, it is impossible to conduct independent economic evaluation on surface engineering. So, combined with economic evaluation tools, a new pricing method of "intermediate products" was proposed according to some theories related to internal transfer pricing. Results show that (i) it is feasible for the economic evaluation to take upstream intermediate products in the projects as downstream costs, which may guide greatly the independent evaluation on each engineering stage; (ii) when the products are employed in this evaluation, the chosen product should be appropriate. Especially "price of wellhead produced liquid" or "price of wellhead oil" is the option for field projects. In addition, with full consideration of costs and expenses as well as some risk coefficients, constant modification is needed so as to ensure evaluation ending objective and reliable, and may offer a basis for investors to make decision; and (iii) calculating the intermediate products' price and independent evaluation on each stage are applicable to not only the field projects but all productive industrial projects. As for multi-system items, the intermediate products are quantified on the basis of the capital's time value theory, and then applied to the independent economic evaluation on each system, which meets the principle of consistency between evaluation benefits and costs.

In order to help natural-gas sales companies classify their urban gas customers and manage customer relation as well as offer the customer-oriented personalized services or professional marketing, some characteristics data about consumption behaviors and motivations of the customers were gathered from these companies to perform customer clustering analysis. The Kmeans++ clustering algorithm and the trained LGBM classification model were presented to discriminate new customers and further classify them, forming a multi-dimensional customer classification model. Results show that (i) for classifying one certain sales company's urban gas customers which are great in quantity and consumption, assisted with the elbow method, the Kmeans++ model can be used to cluster and analyze the gathered consumption data on these customers. The clustering enjoys better effect, and behaviour characteristics are more evident in various customer base; and (ii) with higher accuracy, the LGBM model can sort out new customers. And the classification is in good agreement with the characteristics of major customer categories obtained from the Kmeans++ clustering.

For the sake of differentiated marketing to natural-gas customers with diversity consumption and making gas sales enterprises manage their customers in gas markets with uneven supply and demand, one system of evaluation indexes was presented for the customers from aspects of their profile, development potential and consumption characteristics. Furthermore, one weighting method combined subjective with objective weights was introduced to quantify the impact of each index on customer evaluation. And the technique for order preference by similarity to an ideal solution (TOPSIS) was used to generate evaluation scores. Results show that (i) this system considers the availability of customer data and analyzes the customers from all aspects. For giving attention to both advantages in subjective weighting considering expertise and objective weighting taking inherent rules among data into account, the combined method may provide reasonable weighting support for evaluation methods; and (ii) based on the combined weighting, TOPSIS is employed to estimate some customers. And the estimated ending is proven to be in line with actual situations. All customers can be classified into different categories in the light of the scores, so that sales enterprises are able to take dissimilar management measures for different categories of customers.

Guided by the Talents Strategy in China, petroleum enterprises are confronted with new situations in talent development. It is urgent to break down views or values and institutional constraints to restrict the development, and to improve the management mechanisms. So, four mechanisms on the talent training, gathering, appraisal and usage were proposed for the enterprises. Results show that (i) these talent mechanisms provide the path guidance and effective guarantee to build the supply chain of professional talents under the vision of strategic management of talent-thriving enterprises, and collaboratively give play to the marginal benefit increase of talent development; (ii) talent training is to select candidates and cultivate them into talents by taking a variety of measures simultaneously such as internal and external training, and selective training. It is necessary to continuously optimize training plans, expand training modes, and perfect training support system; (iii) talent gathering means to assemble talents under the premise of suitable organization and adaptable position. It is essential to bring qualified people in a row through many channels, attract them via support policies, as well as serve, usher and take care of them; (iv) oriented by value contribution, talent appraisal coordinates the appraisal and incentive, optimizes entire personnel performance assessment, consummates salary distribution, and optimizes accurate talent incentive and reward; and (v) talent usage is to set up the vivid orientation of personnel employment, make career ladders smooth and advance the market-oriented talent flow on the basis of talent-post assembly and full empowerment. It is concluded that the collaboration of these mechanisms can bring robust force for talent development and talents making an enterprise stronger in petroleum enterprises.

Sichuan Basin is the third largest petroliferous onshore basin in China, whose conventional and shale gas resources rank on top in this country. In Sichuan-Chongqing area where is endowed with natural-gas resource advantage, there exists huge development potential and space in the natural-gas industry. Thus, the current pipeline network was investigated for this area in order to push the development of natural gas in the basin. And then, taking needs for technical and economic evaluation of the newly built pipelines as objectives, we presented not only the main influential factors on the economic evaluation but technical and economic characteristics. Results show that (i) there are three historical reasons to develop into this network, such as the natural-gas resource distribution as well as development and construction order, the promotion of field integrated management modes and the complementary role of markets; (ii) the network boasts 4 sorts of superiority, namely, opening-up and cultivating markets, promoting diversified utilization and industrial clustering, enhancing safe supply guarantee, and forming a complete and developed industrial chain; (iii) affecting the economic evaluation, two factors contain the spider-web pipeline network structure as the key to shape multiple functions of new pipelines and the diversified investment subjects as the main driving force to reflect numerous functions of pipelines; and (iv) both enterprise efficiency and social benefits should be fully taken into consideration during an overall arrangement of these new pipelines. And the efficiency and benefits are estimated by two methods, one location theory of gas-consumption enterprises decided by transportation costs and the other of gas suppliers as the result of investment costs.

In this study, three measures including energy saving and emission reduction, imported green electricity and renewable energy substitution were discussed in order to probe into low-carbon transformation ways for most LNG terminals in China. Then, taken one coastal LNG terminal as an example, three low-carbon schemes were set up, including completely imported green electricity, completely increasing renewable energy facilities, and partially imported electricity+ partially increasing facilities. Finally, the impact of these three schemes on this terminal was investigated thoroughly from aspect of economy. Results show that (i) based on current technologies, LNG terminals can achieve energy saving and consumption reduction by optimizing gas- and liquid-transported modes or using some energy-consuming equipment with frequency converters. Meanwhile, they can also achieve carbon reduction by using low-carbon torches, methane recovery and new energy vehicles; (ii) the terminals can obtain the low-carbon transformation through the imported electricity, which exerts the minimum economic influence on terminal projects; and (iii) if renewable energy is used as the substitute for the transformed terminals, both fuel and power costs will decrease significantly. However, compared with the other scheme of completely imported electricity, LNG-processing costs will be 9% higher, attaining 0.2291 yuan/m³.

As a kind of low-carbon, clean and efficient energy, natural gas has become one of the main energy sources in China. However, its supply-demand contradiction is prominent. Therefore, it is of great significance to conduct supply-demand prediction and early earning for smooth achieving the "dual carbon" goal. From four aspects of supply, demand, market and society, ten early-warning indicators were selected to construct the supply-demand prediction and early-warning indicator system. And ten indicators include reserve-production ratio, self-sufficiency degree, reserve index, consumption proportion, consumption intensity, import dependence ratio, import concentration, guarantee coefficient, carbon intensity and per capita GDP. All these indicators were predicted from the GM (1, 1) model. In addition, objectively and subjectively, both entropy and G1 methods were employed for determining the weight of each indicator, while grey correlation analysis method for the early warning. Results show that (i) there are four indicators affecting this supply and demand, reserve-production ratio, followed by self-sufficiency degree, reserve index and import concentration. And the security degree of the supply and demand shows a trend of stable increase; and (ii) the natural-gas supply and demand is in the critical security state during the 14th Five-Year Plan, i.e., at level III. And it will transit to the security state during the 15th Five-Year Plan and eventually achieve level IV. In conclusion, four active measures to ensure China's natural-gas security have been made, such as continuously promoting action plans of oil and gas reserve and production increase, constructing diversified natural-gas import systems, accelerating the construction of natural-gas storage mechanisms and speeding up both development and utilization of new energies.

All the real-time production data is an important asset in oil and gas production. Managers can make clear the production and operation situations of oil and gas fields in time by means of data monitoring. At present, the data is mainly used for data monitoring, equipment interlocking and automatic generation of support reports. In order to enhance the value of existing data and support allocation management, one gas district collected and reused the real-time data to predict the trend of users' gas consumption on the basis of deep learning. In addition, an algorithm on pipeline gas regulation was used to realize the automatic generating a regulation scheme. Results show that (i) after historical data processing, exceptional data may be analyzed and screened out, so as to obtain available one and generate the normal data range, which is of great significance to extract available data and guide the range; (ii) neural network is adopted to predict the trend of gas consumption per hour, which may better capture another changing direction in the near future, so as to predict the change in gas demand as early as possible; and (iii) the establishment of two algorithms on wellhead production regulation based on sum pipeline gas, namely the minimum regulation times and the closest to calibrated productivity can realize the automatic calculating the regulation scheme and reduce the workload of manual calculation on pipeline gas regulation.

The state has been continuously strengthening anti-monopoly law enforcement in recent years. Urban gas, as a representative field among public utilities, is the major concern in anti-monopoly. Thus, the anti-monopoly in this field is increasingly crucial. In order to further implement this anti-monopoly to promote quality industrial evolution, the national anti-monopoly supervision in this field was reviewed and different types of monopoly behaviors were summed up. Then, current laws and regulations related to this supervision were sorted out, and many classic anti-monopoly law enforcement cases were analyzed. Several remarkable problems were put forward. In addition, dependent on anti-monopoly supervision in the field of urban gas, three suggestions have been made to the government's regulatory authorities, gas industry associations, and urban-gas enterprises. First, the government shall appropriately seek market-oriented reforms in the urban-gas field, and constantly improve related supporting mechanisms on industrial anti-monopoly. And anti-monopoly supervising organizations and industrial supervising authorities shall implement scientific supervision fully and emphasize on supervision-punishment balance. Second, gas mass organizations represented by gas associations shall advocate system construction to avoid monopoly behaviors and perform anti-monopoly publicity and communication actively. At last, the inside check against anti-monopoly shall be strengthened by the urban-gas enterprises to perfect the anti-monopoly compliance system and give properly response to users' complaints and anti-monopoly investigation.

Grass-root organizations of the Communist Party of China (CPC) are battle fortress and important force in the process of fully promoting rural revitalization. To strengthen their construction in petroleum enterprises enjoys some positive effects. Thus, some promoting paths were pointed out after deeply analyzing the importance of grass-root organizations in rural revitalization. Moreover, a typical practice was analyzed, namely PetroChina Southwest Oil & Gasfield Company (the company) offering counterpart assistance to Kaizhou District of Chongqing city. Results show that (i) this importance in rural revitalization is reflected as the force for leading rural revitalization and development, the main body of organizational guarantee and implementation to promote this revitalization and the considerable front to cultivate cadres for enterprises, which can effectively deepen the rural land reform, efficiently organize and carry out targeted poverty alleviation in rural areas, and serve the cultural construction in these areas; (ii) the promoting paths include strengthening the construction of grass-root organizations and members of CPC in petroleum enterprises, giving play to these organizations in village-level governance and the entrepreneurship and employment of migrant workers, and giving play to the organizations in the construction of rural ecological civilization.; (iii) the typical practice in this counterpart assistance includes making effort to create a new situation of rural revitalization via thoroughly implementing the important speech of President Xi Jinping on rural revitalization, integrating resources and highlighting advantages to support the sustainable development of local economy with own characteristics, and intensifying safeguards and common frequency and resonance to improve the quality of rural revitalization continuously.

Under the background of "dual carbon" goal, the industrial development of new energy resources generates the endogenous demand for the construction of talent team, and it is urgent to break the restrictions of imbalanced talent supply and demand and other problems. So, the status and difficulties in the construction of talent team were analyzed for the new resources, and the idea, model and mechanism guarantee were also made clear for this construction. Results show that (i) there exist some problems in this talent team construction, including that foreign experiences are hardly applicable to China's situations, the promotable and duplicable modeling experiences have not been formed in China, and the existing mechanisms are lack of systematic and collaborative construction and exploration; (ii) this construction shall follow the idea of keeping up with the needs of market change and industrial development, focusing on the scarce talent team and attracting multiple participants to generate the collaborative linkage effect. The construction modes include the multi-dimensional goal led planning mode, the multi-party collaboration based promoting mode, multi-advantage integrated implementing mode; and (iii) the mechanism guarantee for the construction includes four mechanisms in innovating the all-type "talent cultivation", planing the all-round" talent gathering", creating the whole-process "talent management" , and constructing the full-guarantee "talent utilization". These results provide beneficial reference for the construction of talent team in new energy sources and new functions for the development of new energy industry under new situations.

Obviously different from conventional gas, shale gas possesses its own exclusive reservoir-forming characteristics, and development modes, processes and technologies. So, there exists greater diversity in post-evaluation content between these two kinds of gas projects, bringing about new challenges to construct a post-evaluation index system for shale-gas development projects. In order to realize normalized and scientific evaluation on these projects, the post evaluation was studied on the basis of project features and unique post-evaluation features for shale gas. Results show that (i) this evaluation shall be carried out after project implementation, when production laws in shale-gas wells are basically made clear, data is complete and available, and both development and production indexes are comparable with the designed ones; and (ii) to construct this index system shall cover many evaluation indexes considering shale-gas development characteristics, such as the post evaluation on reservoir geology and engineering, drilling, completion & reconstruction, gas production and surface engineering, the project's economic evaluation, and the post evaluation on project's influence, continuity and management; and (iii) for this reason, a set of scientific and reasonable post-evaluation index system has been constructed for shale-gas development projects depending on the indexes corresponding to evaluation content. It is deemed that these endings are conducive to not only improving both efficiency and quality of post evaluation on shale-gas development projects but making these projects in good order.

Domestic shale gas faces higher investment risks in its development, and costs turn into the key restricting its industrial development. Estimating costs and benefits in one shale gas well is not only the base for the economic evaluation on shale-gas block development but also the essential reference for investment and decision making in shale gas, and is of great significance to reduce its development risks. At present, there exist many problems in shale-gas drilling, such as higher costs and complex influential factors. So, the drilling costs were taken as objectives, and a great deal of data on various influential factors was gathered, including engineering parameters, and time and space dimension. Moreover, some comprehensive analysis and modeling were carried out by means of multiple machine learning algorithms. The costs were analyzed by virtue of LSTM model based on series data and SVM model based on spacial data for more accurate prediction. In addition, these two models were integrated and verified by means of the Stacking method, and the influence degree of each factor on the costs was discussed by using GBDT model, which might provide evidence for cost optimization. Results show that (i) the comprehensive analysis dependent on multi-source data can fully describe dynamic cost changes more precisely; (ii) GBDT model can help decision makers to figure out the influence degree, so as to make more effective optimization strategies; (iii) the application of both LSTM and SVM models to spatio-temporal modeling respectively can improve the reliability and accuracy to predict the drilling costs. In conclusion, boasting good performance in cost analysis and optimization, the dynamic modeling and optimization method for shale-gas drilling costs driven by spatio-temporal big data may provide the decision-making basis for drilling-cost control and optimization and the beneficial implication for the research on big data-driven decision support.

In order for gas recovery which is emitted to air from gas wells during flowback gas testing and to achieve two goals of energy saving & emission reduction and cost reduction & benefit improvement, one newly fractured gas well in L well area, northern Yan'an city, Ordos Basin, was taken as an experimental and research objective to modify the existing traditional blowout and flowback process. A three-phase separator was used to isolate natural gas from flowback fluid according to this modified process, and gas was transmitted into gas production pipelines to gas-gathering stations, but not burned directly. In addition, for this new process, its feasibility was analyzed by means of the multi-phase flow steady state simulator PIPESIM. Results show that (i) this process is safe and reliable with strong applicability and flexibility. Gas rate in the newly fractured well can reach the critical liquid carrying one under normal production conditions, so standard drainage gas testing can be performed, and besides CO₂ emission can be reduced effectively, so as to make a contribution to "carbon peaking" and "carbon neutrality"; (ii) after this modification, gas emitted during gas testing can be recovered. The average gas recovery in this area is 660×10⁴ m³/a, bringing about direct economic benefits attaining 14.50 million yuan, equivalent to reduction of CO₂ emission by 12,540 t. In conclusion, this new process enjoys good economic benefits and social value, and offers train of thought for the clean and efficient gas exploitation in L well area.

To meet the demands to control the integrated value of tight-gas E&P as well as to select the mode of both large-scale beneficial development and market-oriented management, PetroChina Southwest Oil & Gasfield Company (the Company) was taken as an example to construct the mode of tight-gas E&P project system management for oil companies to cope with difficulties and challenges in the E&P. This mode contains five sorts of system, such as project planning, project organization management, project lifecycle business, project decision support, and project performance assessment. Additionally, four strategies are also put forward to advance the project system management, for example, establishing project value management mechanisms to improve quality and efficiency; strengthening the control over strategic and investment cost in the Company; innovating the collaborative management based on integrative project elements; and setting up an innovative project management platform in view of resource sharing. In conclusion, to study the mode of tight-gas E&P project system management in oil companies is of practical significance for promoting the large-scale beneficial production of tight gas with quality and efficient improvement and is contribute to the national energy security and the accomplishment of strategic goals for tight-gas E&P.

Trial production in exploration wells is a major task in the process of reservoir appraisal, and financial evaluation on investment projects is very vital for investment decision-making. The trial production is meaningful but greatly controlled by the investment in completed drilling. Thus, current methods of economic evaluation used for trial production projects were analyzed for exploration wells in order to effectively address challenges in economic demonstration of projects. Based on the concept that an investment decision should be made for future investment projects and the primary decision objective should be the technical objective, a new model of economic evaluation was presented. Results show that (i) in the economic evaluation on trial production, the practice that the actual amount invested in drilling is incorporated into cash flow violates the foresight principle among basic principles on economic evaluation, according to evaluation methods for investment projects; and (ii) the other practice that the actual amount invested in drilling is treated as a part of cash outflow in the first year may underestimate the project value or even lead to a wrong investment decision. It is concluded that the economic evaluation model which only considers additional investment in cash-flow analysis conforms to the foresight principle and can help increase the project's internal rate of return. Thus, the cash-flow analysis only upon the additional investment is recommended for the economic evaluation on pilot production in exploration wells.

As a part of internal audit in petroleum companies, the audit of investment risk control is conducted in unconventional gas exploration and development to not only strengthen the audit supervision on oil and gas production domains but standardize and boost the large-scale beneficial development of unconventional gas resources. So, a referential audit methodology has been innovatively presented for drilling and completion in unconventional gas wells, which is conducive to this audit with effect. Results show that (i) in addition to some similar problems (e.g. insufficient and unthorough efforts in well locating before drilling, unsuccessful bidding in intensive and competitive manners, and unrealistic field workload) commonly in conventional gas wells, the drilling and completion in unconventional ones also face with unique issues very often, such as unclear definition of responsibilities and irrational compensation for shutdown in case of downhole complexities, as well as irresponsible storage and insufficient management of suppliers' materials. All these problems and issues may lead to numerous risks and challenges, including high investment cost, lower-than-expected return on invested capital, and unsatisfactory profitability. Therefore, it is essential to make the audit of investment risk control in unconventional drilling and completion; (ii) by way of lateral correlation, survey, benchmarking, component proportion analysis, early warning analysis & hypothesis testing, and verification with available data, some key investment benefit control points, for example pre-drilling platform-based benefits, investment in new drilling technologies, sand fracturing cost, on-site suppliers' materials, clean production process, settlement change, and claim verification, are examined to achieve effective audit supervision to further achieve objectives; and (iii) for the first time in 2022, a special audit was conducted for investment risk control in unconventional drilling and completion. During this audit, a total-factor analysis was made for the unconventional gas wells settled in 2020-2021 in order to figure out key factors affecting cost control and benefit creation by cost reduction. In addition, feasible suggestions on management were proposed to improve the investment management of unconventional gas wells.

At present, oil and gas markets grow weakly but competition is increasing. Oil and gas supply-demand situations and market pattern have undergone profound changes, petroleum enterprises also face additional challenges in production organization and production-marketing connection as well as prominent pressure to broaden sales and improve efficiency. In the context of ongoing exploration on the cost management mode of low-cost and high-quality development, this mode with low cost simply through traditional methods such as controlling cost allocation or saving consumables and reducing management expenses can no longer meet endogenous requirements on quality and efficiency improvement. It is necessary to push its upgrade forward. So, some relevant studies have been conducted in order to comprehensively promote the "low-cost" and "high-quality development" in these enterprises, achieve the goal of quality and efficiency improvement and allocate resources rationally. Results show that (i) for the petroleum enterprises, the strategic cost management mode consists of key management business, implementation path and safeguard measures; (ii) the key management business is composed of strategic cost analysis on these enterprises and some strategic costs also in the enterprises, like budget, decision-making, accounting and control; (iii) the implementation path includes five steps, namely, clarifying strategic cost management objectives, tracking strategic cost management environment, setting up management organization, performing knowledge management, and conducting performance evaluation and incentive; and (iv) the safeguard measures contain cultivating the new concept of cost management, perfecting the responsibility control mechanism of strategic goal, and improving the information disclosure mechanism.

As a sort of clean fossil energy with low carbon and high quality, natural gas serves as one of the best choices to implement low-carbon transformation, and its supply security is about energy security in China. There exist numerous large gasfields in Sichuan with abundant unconventional gas resources. And the gas demand will grow steadily in the future. In order to promote the sustainable and healthy development of Sichuan's economy and society, scientifically formulate natural-gas planning schemes, and ensure Sichuan's energy security, an evaluation index system has been developed for Sichuan' natural-gas supply security from four aspects of availability, affordability, efficiency and research & development. Furthermore, an evaluation model was also built through one approach called set pair analysis (SPA). Additionally, the security level was determined. Results show that (i) the supply security in Sichuan was evaluated as Level III in 2017, upgraded to level II in 2018, and then to Level I in 2019-2021; and (ii) the linkage degree of Sichuan's natural-gas supply security index was increased from -0.2 in 2017 to 0.219 in 2021, showing the steady growth. It is deemed that the security level of Sichuan's natural-gas supply will be gradually improved, and the effective measures for this improvement include constructing a diversified supply system, perfecting natural-gas price mechanisms, and establishing a multi-level system in gas storage and peak shaving.

Projects on LNG gas storage and peak shaving can ensure the gas demand of civil and commercial as well as industrial enterprises with effect. Especially they exert an active peak-shaving impression in the peak natural-gas season during heating period. The projects boast great social benefits, but their construction and operation need large investment and also face certain risks. So, combined with project characteristics, a risk index system was established to evaluate their investment risks from seven aspects of policy, economy, finance, market, technical equipment, engineering construction and operation, and force majeure based on stakeholder theory. Then, the weight of each index was determined through a compound weight method according to both analytic hierarchy method and entropy weight method. And a model to evaluate the risks was built by using the fuzzy comprehensive assessment method. In addition, case study was conducted by taking an LNG gas storage and peak shaving project in Ya'an city as an example. Finally, some risk-control measures were made. Results show that (i) the principles of objectivity, integrity, effectiveness and measurability should be followed when constructing the risk index system for investment decision-making of LNG gas storage and peak shaving projects; (ii) the level of investment risks in the Ya'an project is medium, among which political and force majeure risks belong to low level, lower financial risks, medium risks in market, technical equipment, and engineering construction and operation, as well as high economic risks, respectively; and (iii) compared with actuality, the evaluation results verify both risk evaluation index system and evaluation model in scientific nature, rationality and operability at the LNG gas storage and peak shaving projects.

In this study, the social-technical system transformation theory has been applied to the domain of energy transformation in an effort to build a clean, low-carbon, safe and efficient modern energy system, hold the key to this transformation and grasp the initiative of sustainable and healthy energy development. Beginning with the construction of theoretical framework from three dimensions of external environment, existing energy system and energy technological niche, we built a multi-sample structural equation model in line with the panel data of Sichuan Province and its 21 cities (or prefectures) from 2007 to 2020. In addition, the influence of both technological innovation and its external environment was empirically analyzed on this low-carbon transformation. Results show that (i) the carbon-emission level in Sichuan's energy system is greatly reduced through technical talents and innovation fund investment into the energy-conservation and carbon-reduction domain; (ii) the trend that the Sichuan's economic development separates from carbon emission of energy system is increasingly apparent after entering a new stage of industrialization, and this development indirectly alleviates the direct blockage of energy-consumption expansion to low-carbon transformation by increasing funds in scientific research; (iii) on the one hand, population development pushes this transformation by providing sufficient innovative talents, and on the other hand, this increases carbon emission by stimulating the demand of economic development. On the whole, the indirect transmission effect should sharpen its own direct blockage; and (iv) in the compound context of fiscal incentive policies to promote technological innovation, environmental regulatory policies to affect economic growth rate, and family-planning encouragement policies to drive energy consumption, the institutional transition serves as a considerable factor to spur the low-carbon transformation of energy system.

Natural-gas pipeline transportation industry in China has fulfilled its transformation from production-oriented enterprises to production-operation enterprises with the reform of pipeline transportation mechanisms. So, taken transportation benefits as an objective function as well as transportation route and distance as objectives, the relationship among the costs related to transportation business was analyzed to help these enterprises plan the route to transport commercial natural gas scientifically and efficiently. In addition, a model was established to calculate the benefits, and then solved and verified through real production data. Results show that (i) this established model is scientific and effective, and its calculated findings are in line with true values, which can provide these enterprises with reference and basis for decision making market development; (ii) for pipeline enterprises, the profit growth does not broaden continuously with the increase of pipeline distance. Calculated results reveal that, at the constant gas transportation volume, the profit may grow swiftly with the increasing distance when the transportation distance is less than 5,000 km, slowly when the distance exceeds 8,000 km, and begins to decline when the distance exceeds 15,000 km; (iii) when the enterprises select their own transportation route, they shall make comprehensive judgment according to production conditions and profit growth of pipelines so as to obtain the optimal pipeline transportation benefits; and (iv) mid-eastern China will be the core mounting area of pipeline transportation profit in the future, and it is recommended to expand the strength of market development and optimize both location and number of new openings in an effort to improve pipeline transportation benefits.

Since implementing the policy on extra deduction of income tax R&D expenses, this implementation has played a positive role in advancing innovative performance for numerous Chinese enterprises. As the matter of fact, the policy is not being satisfactorily implemented, which affects implementation findings to a certain extent. So, taken oilfield enterprises as examples, several problems existing in this extra deduction were analyzed. In addition, some ways to achieve normal extra deduction of R&D expenses were proposed for these enterprises. As a result, five suggestions on normal extra deduction are put forward, including (i) changing ideas and increasing awareness of extra deduction, (ii) establishing regulations to lay the foundation for compliant management, (iii) optimizing the R&D expense budget and accounting management system, (iv) accelerating the integration of business, finance and taxation to ensure extra-deduction implementation smoothly; and (v) reinforcing the "three defense lines" of compliant management to protect against tax risks. In conclusion, through this policy, oilfield enterprises can fully enjoy preferential policies of income tax, facilitate scientific and technological innovation, and proceed to uphold national energy security.

In order to accurately predict well-engineering investments, effectively control well-construction costs in shale gas fields and realize beneficial development of shale gas, the application of learning curves in China and abroad and their influential factors were investigated by taking the well-engineering cost in one shale gas field as an example. On this basis, learning curves of well engineering were formed and the engineering cost indicator system was established for shale gas fields. Results show that (i) since those ready-made learning curves used for shale gas in China only reflect investment changes in drilling and fracturing & gas testing with time and experiences while not mirror the changes in pre-drilling and associated engineering, they are not applicable to predicting the engineering investment to shale gas wells which covers drilling, fracturing & gas testing, and pre-drilling and associated engineering; (ii) fracturing and drilling account for about 50% and 40% in the well-engineering cost in shale gas fields, respectively, in which the fracturing cost is mostly affected by the number of fracturing segments; and (iii) a workload deviation between plan design and engineering exerts a larger effect on the cost of pre-drilling and associated engineering. In conclude, the newly-developed learning curves can vividly forecast the engineering investment containing drilling, fracturing & gas testing, pre-drilling and associated engineering; drilling-fluid cost serves as the emphasis and difficulty for cost control in drilling; and all kinds of factor should be taken into account in the design process to maximize the accuracy of plan design.

To innovate R&D cost management in oil and gasfield companies can not only meet check-up requirements of state and petroleum industrial system, but adopt for strategies on quality and efficiency improvement and the strategic management of intellectual property rights for the State-owned Key Enterprises. Thus, PetroChina Southwest Oil & Gasfield Company was taken as an example to analyze needs of field engineering for scientific research (applied basic research and application research) and experimental development activities as well as objective situations of high R&D investment under the oil company system. Then, according to principles of system analysis, ideas and strategies for innovating the cost management were proposed from the analytical path of exploration and development engineering - engineering type - R&D project type - R&D project budget - R&D project implementation - R&D project accounting - R&D project performance evaluation (calculation of R&D investment intensity and additional deduction of R&D expense). A few conclusions are made. First, the R&D investment in field engineering mainly includes scientific research and experimental development expenses. The cost management in scientific research projects is relatively complete, while the investment of experimental development projects is greater, and both project and cost management are weaker. Second, to innovate the cost management of experimental projects, it is suggested to effectively improve an innovation level by making measures on strengthening the contract management for R&D projects, improving the management level for life-cycle reasonable and compliant projects, intensifying the optimization of R&D cost budget and accounting management, enhancing the digital management ability for projects, and focusing the lean additional deduction of R&D expense, so as to increase the proportion and additional tax deduction of R&D investment and manifest the innovation-driven development trend in the enterprises.

To predict peak gas production and to quantify risks are crucial in planning and making decisions at the beginning of constructing a giant gasfield. There exist deep gas reservoirs in the age-old Sinian, Sichuan Basin. Their continuous exploitation for many years displays great exploration and development prospects. So, taken the Sinian gas reservoirs in central Sichuan paleo-uplift as examples, their production incremental tendency was predicted by using the peak model with ultimate recoverable reserves (URR) as boundary conditions. Based on prediction results, the production realization probability was calculated by adopting the Monte Carlo simulation. Then, the probability curve and the risk rating matrix were superimposed to assess the risk rating of the target. As a result, the whole process research was realized for gas reservoirs from scale prediction to risk quantification, and a complete quantification system on risk decision was constructed for the strategic planning of natural gas. Results show that (1) for the Sinian gas reservoirs, the production will peak at (130-251)×10⁸ m³/a in 2036 with relatively stable 8-year periods; (2) based on results predicted from the peak model, the Monte Carlo simulation is carried out on production increase curves with URR as an independent variable to compute the production realization probability P for every year. Simulation illustrates that the output in the Sinian reservoirs will be 131×10⁸ m³ in 2030 corresponding to the cumulative probability P50; (3) the risk rating evaluation matrix is established by taking the realization probability P and dispersion degree C as evaluation indexes, i.e., dispersion degree C∈(5%, 10%) and risk rating range II-IV in production-increasing and slow decline stages, whereas dispersion degree C∈(10%, 25%) and risk rating range III-IV in stable production and rapid decline stages, respectively. Actually, production aims can be achieved through the comprehensive risk evaluation.

To estimate scientifically a carbon emission inventory is the important prerequisite for energy systems to achieve the dual-carbon goal. So, an accounting mechanism of carbon emission in regional energy systems was firstly built from three aspects of fuel combustion, spillover and regional power trading in order to accurately define the key emission field. And then, one analysis software "carbon emission in regional energy systems" was compiled by virtue of Visual Studio integrated with development tools. In addition, taken Sichuan Province as an example, the emission inventory was constructed to analyze carbon emission features and ascertain the fundamental emission sources. Results show that (1) fuel combustion is the major source for the carbon emission in energy systems of Sichuan Province, regional power trading can effectively hedge this emission itself, and spillover of oil and gas makes a little contribution to the emission; (2) in the energy consumption type, the emission proportion with coal as the fuel is the largest and that by natural gas is the smallest in Sichuan Province. From the perspective of sector, some industrial energy consumption such as steel, building materials, chemicals and machinery serves as the chief sectors of carbon emission from fuel combustion, and thermal power generation, transportation and residential life are also relatively vital; (3) the spillover of oil and gas in Sichuan Province has remarkable characteristics of "concentration", and it emerges mostly in three procedures of well testing and logging, oil production and gas processing; and (4) Sichuan Province may validly guarantee the safety of energy supply and alleviate the carbon emission intensity in China's energy systems by vigorously executing the strategy of "West Power to East".

Evaluating the economic value is an important means for technological achievements to not only commercialize their technical worth and talents but quantify performance. In recent years, China has rolled out numerous supporting policies and regulations, laying an institutional foundation for this value evaluation and application across the natural gas industry chain. Based on both value distribution rate in single gas pipeline achievement and value-sharing theory as well as the progressive sharing method for achievement earnings, a quantitative evaluation model was set up on the basis of value origin, and 4 methods in setting the key parameters were developed for assessing pipeline achievements. Results show that (1) the evaluation methods and value requirements for different benefit distribution bases are proposed for some projects without evaluation results in line with the Specifications for Technical and Economic Evaluation of Natural Gas Utilization Projects; (2) according to the Cobb-Douglas production function and the distribution of benefit contribution, integrated value creation cross all production factors along pipelines (capital, management, labor and technology) as the value index can be sourced to further define the value range; (3) via establishing a technical hierarchy system with respect to gas pipelines based on technology pedigree, the value index is sourced and the distribution coefficient of technical hierarchy is determined; and (4) the distribution coefficient of technological innovation is defined by using Analytic Hierarchy Process depending on creativity, advancement, and maturity among others. In conclusion, the model's application effect is sound and feasible, resulting that it is of great significance in commercialized and standardized evaluation on technological achievements in gas pipelines, market-based allocation of technological innovation, and optimized incentives.

For oil and gas reserves, the capitalization management is one important measure to adapt to system reform on oil and gas in China. In the continuous process to deepen this reform, oil and gas production enterprises are under intense pressure to relieve mining rights as the policy of compulsory right withdrawal after 25% extension of due trial practice is implemented to replace another policy of proportional withdrawal because of inadequate exploration input. In order to practically promote this capitalization management and realize enterprises' sustainable development, some necessity to promote the management was analyzed from two aspects of both capitalization concept and characteristics. And a few suggestions on constructing this capitalization management system were made. Results show that (1) this construction shall be carried out individually from two aspects of technology and management; (2) from the technological aspect, it is necessary to establish one monetized value system for evaluating oil and gas reserves and another market-oriented trading platform for reserve management; and (3) on the management aspect, it is essential to set up a reserve capitalization system to supervise these enterprises, to develop a new capitalization management model, and to perfect professional evaluation teams.

Implementing the strategy of "talents to reinforce enterprise" is an important step for China's oil and gas field companies to heed the country's call for powering China with talents and to implement new concepts, strategies and measures for talent-related work in the new era. This research shows that the strategy of "talents to reinforce enterprise" has been implemented in China's oil and gas field companies mainly through introducing such measures as strategic planning and action plan for the project of talent development, promoting the reform of talent development system and mechanism, and value-based salary distribution system. For the sake of constant optimization of the strategy, it is necessary for the oil and gas field companies to identify gaps in talent management and implement pertinent policies based on the industry characteristics and their own development features. China's three major oil companies (CNPC, Sinopec and CNOOC) should also formulate their strategies on building a talent-strong company from devising top-level (group-level) framework to establishing routes and specific measures in regional companies and professional companies.

At present, domestic and foreign studies on the risk quantification of natural-gas production are still in the beginning stage because of uncertainty in choosing and quantitative evaluating some sensitivity factors. In order to sufficiently understand the risk control factors of planning production target and provide theoretical basis for the target optimization, a model of quantitative risk evaluation on the planning gas production target and its process were established. Results show that (1) the production quantification function established by means of Monte Carlo method is the core technology to evaluate the risk of gas production quantitatively; (2) based on the main field development stages, combined with the principle of yield component, another model of production probability simulation may be established for three kinds of production subjects (PD gasfield, PUD gasfield, and to be proved gasfield) by means of MC stochastic simulation method. It can effective simulate any parameter combination that is theoretically possible and break through the restriction that the previous prediction result is one numerical value; and (3) the case application results show that this risk evaluation model can quantitatively evaluate the risk of production target and provide scientific basis for identifying and reduce the risk in strategic planning and the formulation of avoidance measures, so as to support the optimization of middle- and long-term planning schemes.

At the 75th Session of the UN General Assembly, President Xi Jinping announced that "China will increase its national independent contribution and take more powerful policies and measures to strive to realize carbon peaking by 2030 and carbon neutrality by 2060". So, from the perspective of "carbon peaking and carbon neutrality" goal, the current legal guarantee for oil and gas pipeline protection in China was analyzed, and some existing problems were pointed out, including the imperfect laws on pipeline protection, the "outdated" "Pipeline Protection Law" to be revised, and the backward construction of administrative law enforcement. Three important principles that shall be followed to improve the legal guarantee were put forward in the context of the goal, namely low-carbon emission reduction, risk prevention, and cooperative supervision. Finally, three implementation paths to improve the legal guarantee were formulated. Results show that (1) the standards on safety technology should be improved by further promulgating the "Energy Law", so as to improve the laws on pipeline protection; (2) the law enforcement departments and responsibilities should be made clear, and the penalties should be strengthened by increasing the management provisions of pipeline high-consequence areas, so as to deeply revise the "Pipeline Protection Law"; and (3) the construction of administrative law enforcement should be promoted by formulating normative pipeline protection documents. In conclusion, the problems, principle proposal, and implementation path suggestions on the legal guarantee for China's pipeline protection from the perspective of "carbon peaking and carbon neutrality" goal may provide references for quality development in oil and gas pipeline industry.